Risk Analysis of Heavy Metals in Fish Consumption and Its Implications for Human Health

Abstract

Fish is a nutrient-rich source of animal protein and plays a vital role in meeting human nutritional needs. However, the presence of heavy metals such as mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), and cadmium (Cd) in fish poses potential health risks. This study aims to analyze heavy metal contamination in fish and evaluate the risks of consumption to human health through a literature review. Data were collected from various online scientific sources published over the past five years and analyzed using a descriptive-comparative method. The results indicate that heavy metal contamination in fish is influenced by environmental and biological factors and tends to accumulate through the food chain. Although most heavy metal levels remain within safe limits, long-term exposure still has the potential to pose health risks. Risk assessment approaches such as Estimated Daily Intake and Target Hazard Quotient provide a more comprehensive picture regarding the safety of consumption. Therefore, continuous monitoring of aquatic environmental quality and increased public awareness regarding safe and balanced fish consumption are necessary