Education and Human Development Index in Indonesia: A Systematic Literature Review

Abstract

This study aims to analyze the role of education in improving the Human Development Index in Indonesia using a Systematic Literature Review method across several scholarly articles published within the last five years. The findings reveal that education contributes most significantly to Human Development Index improvement through indicators such as expected years of schooling and mean years of schooling, which reflect the long-term capacity of human capital development. However, regional disparities, inadequate infrastructure, and policy implementation challenges remain major obstacles that hinder equal educational progress. Furthermore, government expenditure on education has shown limited effectiveness due to weak monitoring, misallocation of funds, and inconsistent program evaluation. The review also highlights that socioeconomic conditions, employment opportunities, and community awareness toward the importance of education strongly influence human development outcomes. Therefore, improving Human Development Index requires inclusive and adaptive education policies, equitable resource distribution, and enhanced teacher quality. This study provides essential insights for policymakers to design sustainable, evidence-based, and equitable educational development strategies aimed at accelerating human development across Indonesia.