Environmental Distribution and Health Risks of Microplastics: A Global Review

Abstract

Microplastics have become one of the environmental pollutants receiving global attention due to their persistent nature and widespread distribution. This study aims to examine the sources, distribution, and potential impacts of microplastics on the environment and human health. The method used is a descriptive qualitative approach through a literature review of various relevant scientific publications from the past five years. The results of the study indicate that microplastics originate from primary and secondary sources, most of which are influenced by human activities. These particles are found in various environmental compartments, including air, water, soil, and the ocean, and have the ability to transfer between environmental media. Microplastics also have the potential to enter the human body through ingestion, inhalation, and skin contact. From a health perspective, microplastics can cause oxidative stress and metabolic disorders, and act as vectors for other hazardous substances. However, research on their long-term effects remains limited. Therefore, comprehensive management efforts and further research are needed to gain a deeper understanding of the risks associated with microplastics.