Health Risk Analysis of Heavy Metal Contamination in Seafood Consumption

Abstract

Heavy metal contamination in the marine environment is a global issue that impacts food safety and human health. Seafood, as a primary source of protein, has the potential to accumulate heavy metals through the processes of bioaccumulation and biomagnification. This study aims to assess the health risks associated with the consumption of seafood contaminated with heavy metals using a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach. Data were obtained from scientific articles published in the last five years and analyzed qualitatively. The parameters used in the risk assessment include Estimated Daily Intake (EDI), Target Hazard Quotient (THQ), and Hazard Index (HI). The results of the study indicate that most EDI and THQ values are below safe limits; however, there are some conditions where these values exceed the thresholds, particularly in areas with high pollution levels and intensive seafood consumption. Furthermore, HI values indicate that exposure to multiple metals can significantly increase health risks. Environmental factors, organism types, and anthropogenic activities are the primary determinants of contamination levels. Therefore, continuous monitoring and strengthened regulations are necessary to ensure the safety of seafood consumption and protect public health