Journal of Cyber ​​Law and Information Security
The Journal of Cyber Law and Information Security (JCLIS) is a distinguished academic journal dedicated to advancing the study of cyber law, information security, and the intersection between legal frameworks and digital technologies. Published by Universitas Islam Sultan Agung, Semarang, Indonesia, JCLIS aims to provide an essential platform for scholars, legal professionals, policymakers, and technologists to explore the challenges and advancements in the realms of digital security, privacy protection, and legal regulations in the digital era. The journal covers a wide range of topics, including cybersecurity law, data protection, digital privacy, intellectual property rights in the digital age, cybercrimes, legal aspects of emerging technologies, and cyber governance. As a double-blind peer-reviewed journal, JCLIS ensures that all published articles maintain rigorous academic standards and are grounded in high-quality, original research. Published biannually, in January–June and July–December, JCLIS offers a timely and comprehensive overview of the latest developments in cyber law and information security. The journal serves as a vital resource for academics, practitioners, and policymakers interested in understanding the evolving landscape of digital regulations and security frameworks. We welcome submissions from legal scholars, researchers, and practitioners working in the fields of cyber law, information security, and related disciplines. The journal is particularly interested in research that provides insights into the legal, ethical, and technological challenges facing the global community in cyberspace. Authors are encouraged to submit innovative research that addresses emerging legal issues in the digital environment. To maintain the integrity of the publication process, we remind authors to follow the submission guidelines carefully. Manuscripts that do not adhere to the formatting and style requirements will be returned without review. We invite you to contribute to the growing body of knowledge in cyber law and information security, helping to shape the future of legal frameworks and digital safety worldwide.
Towards Integrated Cybersecurity Governance in Indonesia: Addressing Fragmentation, EnforcementGaps, and Institutional Constraints
Cybersecurity governance in Indonesia faces systemic challenges arising from institutional fragmentation, weak enforcement capacity, and limited coordination mechanisms. While existing legal frameworks provide a formal basis for regulating digital activities, their effectiveness remains constrained by the lack of integration among institutional actors and processes. This study examines the structural barriers to integrated cybersecurity governance and proposes an integrated governance model to enhance regulatory effectiveness. Using a normative juridical method combined with systematic and sociological approaches, the research analyzes the interaction between institutional structure, enforcement capacity, and coordination mechanisms. The findings indicate that fragmentation and capacity limitations lead to inconsistent policy implementation and weak enforcement outcomes. To address these challenges, the study proposes an integrated governance model that aligns institutional roles, strengthens coordination mechanisms, and embeds enforcement capacity within governance design. The study concludes that integrated governance is essential for improving cybersecurity regulation and ensuring effective and coherent digital governance in Indonesia.
Enforcement Capacity and Institutional Constraints in Indonesia’s Cybersecurity Governance:Implications for Regulatory Effectiveness
The effectiveness of cybersecurity governance depends not only on the existence of legal frameworks but also on the capacity of institutions to enforce them. This study examines how enforcement capacity influences cybersecurity governance in Indonesia and analyzes the institutional constraints that limit the operationalization of cyber law enforcement. Using a normative juridical method combined with systematic and sociological approaches, the research evaluates the relationship between institutional capacity, enforcement mechanisms, and regulatory outcomes. The findings indicate that despite the presence of comprehensive legal frameworks, enforcement remains ineffective due to limited resources, lack of technical expertise, weak enforcement mechanisms, and insufficient coordination among institutions. These constraints result in inconsistent application of legal norms and reduce the deterrent effect of regulation. The study concludes that strengthening enforcement capacity, improving institutional coordination, and enhancing operational mechanisms are essential to ensuring effective cybersecurity governance in Indonesia.
Fragmented Cybersecurity Governance in Indonesia: Institutional Overlap and Its Impact on RegulatoryEnforcement
The increasing complexity of digital governance has led to the expansion of cybersecurity regulatory frameworks involving multiple institutions with overlapping mandates. This study examines how institutional fragmentation affects the effectiveness of cybersecurity governance in Indonesia and analyzes the impact of regulatory overlap on enforcement. Using a normative juridical method combined with systematic and sociological approaches, the research evaluates the relationship between institutional structures and regulatory outcomes. The findings indicate that although Indonesia has established a comprehensive legal and institutional framework, governance remains fragmented due to overlapping authority, weak coordination mechanisms, and unclear institutional mandates. This fragmentation leads to inconsistent policy implementation and undermines enforcement effectiveness. The study further demonstrates that enforcement failure is a structural consequence of fragmented governance rather than the absence of legal regulation. It concludes that improving cybersecurity governance requires strengthening institutional coordination, clarifying authority, and developing integrated governance mechanisms to ensure effective and consistent enforcement.
Legal Effectiveness of Data Protection and Cybersecurity Frameworks in Indonesia: TheEnforcement and Compliance Gap
The effectiveness of data protection and cybersecurity legal frameworks has become a critical issue in digital governance, particularly in developing countries such as Indonesia. Although regulatory instruments such as the Personal Data Protection Law and the Electronic Information and Transactions Law provide a formal legal foundation, their practical effectiveness remains limited. This study examines how these frameworks address digital risks and analyzes the urgency of strengthening enforcement and compliance mechanisms. Using a normative juridical method combined with systematic and sociological approaches, the study evaluates the relationship between legal norms and their implementation. The findings indicate that regulatory frameworks exist but fail to achieve optimal effectiveness due to weak enforcement, low compliance, and institutional fragmentation. This condition creates a persistent gap between legal objectives and actual outcomes, allowing cybersecurity risks and data breaches to continue. Strengthening enforcement capacity, improving institutional coordination, and enhancing compliance mechanisms are therefore essential to ensure effective cybersecurity governance in Indonesia.
The Urgency of Personal Data Protection Regulation in Digital Legal Systems
Advances in information technology and digital transformation have increased the use of electronic systems in various aspects of society. This situation has given rise to new legal challenges regarding personal data protection and electronic system security. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of regulations on personal data protection and electronic systems and to examine the urgency of strengthening digital legal regulations in the era of information technology development. The study employs a normative legal method using a legislative approach and a conceptual approach. The legal materials used consist of primary legal sources, namely Law No. 27 of 2022 on Personal Data Protection and Law No. 11 of 2008 on Electronic Information and Transactions, as amended by Law No. 1 of 2024, as well as secondary legal materials in the form of scientific journals and academic. The research findings indicate that personal data protection regulations have provided a legal foundation for safeguarding the privacy rights of the digital community; however, their implementation still faces various challenges, such as weak oversight, low digital security literacy, and the increasingly complex evolution of cyber threats. This study also found that strengthening digital legal regulations is an urgent necessity to create legal certainty, enhance public trust, and provide more effective protection for the personal data security of the public in the era of digital transformation.
Analysis of Digital Marketing Regulation in Modern Legal Perspective
The development of digital marketing as part of the digital economic transformation has brought significant changes to business activities, particularly in the relationships between businesses, consumers, and digital platforms. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of regulations governing digital marketing and to examine the urgency of strengthening these regulations in the face of rapidly advancing technological developments. The research method employed is a normative legal approach using legislative and conceptual frameworks, through an analysis of regulations related to electronic transactions, consumer protection, and personal data protection. The findings indicate that, normatively, the regulations have provided a sufficient legal foundation; however, their implementation still faces various challenges, such as limited oversight, low legal awareness, and the complexity of legal relationships within the digital ecosystem. Furthermore, the urgency of strengthening regulations is increasing in tandem with the high risk of violations of consumer rights and the misuse of personal data. Therefore, more adaptive, harmonious, and responsive regulations are needed to keep pace with technological developments, in order to create an effective, fair, and sustainable legal system that supports the growth of the digital economy.
Legal Effectiveness in Data Protection and Artificial Intelligence Regulation in the Digital Era
Advances in artificial intelligence and data-driven technologies have brought about significant transformations across various sectors, but they have also raised complex legal challenges, particularly regarding the protection of personal data and the accountability of digital systems. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of legal regulations in governing data protection and to assess the urgency of strengthening regulations in response to these technological developments. The method employed is a systematic normative legal approach, through an analysis of legislation, scientific literature, and relevant legal practices. The research findings indicate that existing regulations have provided an important legal foundation; however, there remain gaps in accommodating the specific characteristics of artificial intelligence, such as algorithmic transparency and automated decision-making. Additionally, limitations in law enforcement and institutional capacity also affect the effectiveness of regulations. The urgency of strengthening regulations is increasing in tandem with the risks of data misuse and legal uncertainty within the digital ecosystem. Therefore, adaptive, integrative, and sustainable regulatory reform is needed, taking into account legal, ethical, and global technological developments, to create an effective data protection system that supports responsible digital innovation.
Analysis of Personal Data Protection Regulation in the Digital Law Perspective
Advances in digital technology have significantly increased the use of personal data across various sectors of life, thereby giving rise to increasingly complex risks of misuse. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of personal data protection regulations and assess the urgency of their implementation within the context of contemporary legal developments. The methodology employed is a normative legal approach, utilizing both legislative and conceptual frameworks, based on an analysis of various regulations related to personal data protection. The results of the study indicate that although a comprehensive legal framework exists, the implementation of regulations still faces various obstacles, such as the gap between norms and practices, low legal awareness, and infrastructure limitations. Additionally, rapid technological advancements are creating new challenges that have not yet been fully addressed by existing regulations. On the other hand, the urgency of regulating personal data protection is increasing because data has become a strategic asset in modern life, whether in economic, social, or governmental contexts. Therefore, sustained efforts are needed to enhance the effectiveness of regulations through strengthened law enforcement, increased public awareness, and legal adaptation to technological advancements. This study is expected to contribute to the development of adaptive and responsive laws to the challenges of the digital age.
Integrating Artificial Intelligence in Modern Auditing: Efficiency, Ethics, and Human–Machine Collaboration
This study comprehensively examines the role, benefits, and challenges of applying artificial intelligence in modern auditing using a literature review approach to scientific articles indexed by Google Scholar published in the last five years. The results of the study show that artificial intelligence plays a significant role in improving the efficiency, accuracy, and scope of audits through the automation of data analysis processes, anomaly detection, and the strengthening of evidence-based decision-making. However, the application of artificial intelligence also raises issues of ethics, algorithm transparency, and professional responsibility that require human supervision to ensure that audit decisions remain objective, independent, and accountable. The success of artificial intelligence integration depends heavily on the readiness of technological infrastructure, the digital competence of auditors, and the existence of a regulatory framework that is adaptive to technological developments. This study confirms that artificial intelligence is not a substitute for auditors, but rather a collaborative partner that expands human analytical capacity and professionalism. With a balanced synergy between technology, ethics, and regulation, artificial intelligence has the potential to be a major driver towards a more transparent, accountable, and sustainable audit system.
Big Data Analytics and the Enhancement of Audit Quality in the Digital Transformation Era
This study aims to analyze the role of Big Data Analytics in improving audit quality in the era of digital transformation. Using a literature review method of scientific publications from the last five years, this study examines the relationship between the application of big data analytics and the effectiveness, efficiency, and credibility of audit results. The results of the study show that Big Data Analytics can expand the scope of auditing from a sample-based approach to a population-based approach, strengthen auditors’ ability to detect data anomalies, and accelerate the process of verifying financial reports in real-time. In addition to technological benefits, the successful implementation of Big Data Analytics is highly dependent on the digital competence of auditors, infrastructure readiness, and a reliable data governance system. Challenges that arise include information security, professional ethics, and the need to improve technological literacy among auditors. Therefore, Big Data Analytics not only functions as a data analysis tool but also as the main foundation for the development of modern audit practices that are adaptive, transparent, accountable, and sustainable in supporting organizational governance in the digital era.
Regulatory Implementation and Compliance Challenges in Indonesia’s Cybersecurity Governance
Cybersecurity governance in Indonesia faces persistent challenges arising from gaps in regulatory implementation and weak compliance among regulated actors. Although legal frameworks provide a formal basis for governing digital activities, their effectiveness is limited by inconsistent operationalization and insufficient adherence to regulatory requirements. This study examines the effectiveness of policy implementation and the factors influencing compliance in Indonesia’s cybersecurity governance. Using a normative juridical method combined with systematic and sociological approaches, the research analyzes the interaction between implementation processes, enforcement mechanisms, and compliance behavior. The findings indicate that institutional limitations, weak enforcement credibility, and complex regulatory requirements contribute to inconsistent implementation and low compliance levels. These conditions reduce the effectiveness of cybersecurity regulation and create a gap between legal provisions and governance outcomes. The study concludes that strengthening implementation processes and improving compliance mechanisms are essential for achieving effective and reliable cybersecurity governance in Indonesia.
Integrated Cybersecurity Governance in Indonesia: Strengthening Coordination, Enforcement, andInstitutional Capacity
Cybersecurity governance in Indonesia faces persistent challenges arising from institutional fragmentation, weak coordination mechanisms, and limited enforcement capacity. Although existing legal frameworks provide a formal basis for regulating digital activities, their effectiveness is constrained by the lack of integration among institutional actors and processes. This study examines how coordination, enforcement, and institutional capacity interact to influence the effectiveness of cybersecurity governance and proposes an integrated governance approach to address these challenges. Using a normative juridical method combined with systematic and sociological approaches, the research analyzes governance structures and their operational dynamics. The findings indicate that fragmented institutional arrangements and insufficient enforcement capacity lead to inconsistent policy implementation and weak regulatory outcomes. The study argues that integrating institutional roles, strengthening coordination mechanisms, and embedding enforcement capacity within governance design are essential for improving regulatory effectiveness. It concludes that integrated governance provides a comprehensive framework for enhancing cybersecurity governance and ensuring coherent digital regulation in Indonesia.
Regulatory Gaps in Digital Platform Liability for Distance Education in Indonesia: Effectiveness andUrgency Analysis
The rapid development of digital technology has transformed the education sector through the widespread adoption of distance learning platforms. However, this transformation raises significant legal concerns regarding the liability of digital platforms in ensuring system reliability, data protection, and service quality. Although Indonesia has established several relevant legal frameworks, including education, electronic transactions, and personal data protection laws, their effectiveness in regulating platform liability in distance education remains uncertain. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of existing regulations and examine the urgency of strengthening the legal framework governing digital platform responsibility in Indonesia’s education system. The research employs a normative legal method by examining statutory regulations, legal doctrines, and relevant academic literature using descriptive-analytical approaches. The findings indicate that the current regulatory framework is fragmented and lacks specific integration to regulate digital platform liability in education comprehensively. Ambiguities remain in determining responsibility among platforms, educational institutions, and users, particularly in cases of system failure and data breaches. The study concludes that regulatory reform is urgently required to enhance legal certainty, strengthen accountability mechanisms, and ensure better protection for students in digital learning environments
Effectiveness of Personal Data Protection Regulations in Electronic Commerce Transactionsin Indonesia: Challenges and the Urgency of LegalReform
The rapid expansion of digital technology has accelerated the growth of electronic commerce (e-commerce) in Indonesia, simultaneously generating significant risks of personal data breaches and misuse. According to the Indonesian Internet Service Providers Association (Asosiasi Penyelenggara Jasa Internet Indonesia/APJII), internet users in Indonesia reached 215.63 million in the 2022–2023 period, yet this growth has been accompanied by a surge in data breach incidents, including the leakage of 91 million Tokopedia user accounts (2020), 279 million BPJS Kesehatan participant records (2021), and data from Bukalapak and Bhinneka.com. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of personal data protection regulations within the context of e-commerce transactions in Indonesia and to identify the urgency of comprehensive legal reform. Employing a normative-comparative method reinforced by a sociological approach, this research examines the Electronic Information and Transactions Law (UndangUndang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik/UU ITE) as amended, Government Regulation Number 71 of 2019 on the Implementation of Electronic Systems and Transactions (Peraturan Pemerintah tentang Penyelenggaraan Sistem dan Transaksi Elektronik/PP PSTE), and compares them with the European Union's General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). The findings reveal that existing regulations contain fundamental weaknesses: the absence of explicit data subject rights, disproportionate sanctions, and fragmented supervisory mechanisms. The urgency of enacting a standalone Personal Data Protection Law (Undang-Undang Perlindungan Data Pribadi/UU PDP) is paramount to ensuring legal certainty and providing genuine protection for millions of Indonesian digital consumers.
The Effectiveness and Urgency of Strengthening Fintech Lending Regulations for ConsumerProtection in Indonesia
The rapid development of fintech lending services in Indonesia has had a dual impact: on the one hand, it has encouraged financial inclusion for communities not yet covered by conventional banking, but on the other hand, it has given rise to various legal issues that are detrimental to consumers. The government has issued several regulations, including POJK Number 77/POJK.01/2016, POJK Number 6/POJK.07/2022, Law Number 4 of 2023 concerning the Development and Strengthening of the Financial Sector (PPSK), and Law Number 27 of 2022 concerning Personal Data Protection. However, the rise of illegal fintech, non-transparent interest rates, and misuse of personal data indicate that existing regulations are not yet fully effective. This study uses normative legal methods with statutory, conceptual, and systematic approaches to analyze, the effectiveness of fintech lending regulations in providing legal protection for consumers; and the urgency of strengthening these regulations in the face of the dynamics of digital financial services. The results show that the existing regulatory framework still faces obstacles in law enforcement, limited oversight, overlapping authorities, and low public digital literacy. Therefore, strengthening fintech lending regulations is an urgent need to ensure legal certainty and optimal consumer protection in the digital economy era.
The Effectiveness of the Personal Data Protection Law in Ensuring Cybersecurity in Indonesia
The digital era has given rise to new threats to citizens' privacy rights through the leakage and misuse of personal data. In Indonesia, the enactment of Law Number 27 of 2022 concerning Personal Data Protection (PDP Law) marked a significant milestone in the effort to create a comprehensive legal framework for personal data protection in the cyber realm. However, the implementation of the PDP Law faces various structural and technical challenges that have the potential to hinder its effectiveness. This article examines the effectiveness of personal data protection regulations in ensuring cybersecurity in Indonesia and analyzes the urgency of such regulations within the national legal system. Using normative juridical research methods enriched with sociological and comparative approaches, this article finds that the effectiveness of the PDP Law remains hampered by delays in the formulation of implementing regulations, unclear institutional arrangements for supervisory authorities, and weak cyber law enforcement capacity. Although the PDP Law has adopted international principles such as those contained in the European Union's General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), the gap between legal norms and social reality reflected in the rise in data leak cases after its enactment demonstrates that the mere existence of regulations is insufficient without the support of adequate infrastructure, human resources, and a culture of compliance. This article recommends accelerating the formation of implementing regulations, strengthening the institutional framework of independent supervisory authorities, and increasing the capacity of cyber law enforcement as prerequisites for the effectiveness of the PDP Law.
Regulatory Challenges in Enforcing Cybersecurity and Data Protection Laws in the DigitalTransformation Era
The rapid growth of digital transformation has significantly increased cybersecurity risks, particularly in the protection of personal data within information systems. In Indonesia, the enactment of Law Number 27 of 2022 on Personal Data Protection represents a crucial legal framework aimed at addressing these challenges; however, its practical implementation remains problematic. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of cybersecurity and data protection regulations and to examine the urgency of strengthening these legal frameworks in the digital era. The research employs a normative legal method with statutory, conceptual, comparative, and limited sociological approaches, utilizing primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. The findings indicate that although existing regulations are normatively adequate and aligned with global standards, their effectiveness is hindered by weak enforcement mechanisms, regulatory fragmentation, and increasing technological complexity. Furthermore, the urgency to strengthen these regulations is driven by escalating cyber threats, the need to protect individual privacy rights, and the importance of maintaining economic and national resilience.
Public Administration’s Function in Addressing Cybercrime: Evaluating Indonesia’s Regulatory andLegal Structures
The proliferation of internet connectivity and rapid technological advancements have inadvertently facilitated the circumvention of legal statutes by cyber offenders, escalating cyber-related infractions throughout Indonesia. While various policies and legislative instruments have been established to mitigate these digital threats, their operational efficacy remains suboptimal. This inquiry scrutinizes the integral function of public governance and administrative bodies in counteracting cybercrime within Indonesia through a critical examination of the extant regulatory architecture. Employing a normative juridical methodology underpinned by a qualitative paradigm, this investigation derives its analysis from primary legal repositories, including statutory enactments, governmental decrees, and judicial precedents, and secondary scholarly discourse. The analysis elucidates that Indonesia possesses a relatively exhaustive compendium of legal stipulations designed to address cybersecurity vulnerabilities and penalize digital malfeasance. Notwithstanding this comprehensive statutory foundation, the research underscores a pronounced deficiency in the tangible execution and enforcement of these provisions. The study concludes that the Indonesian governance apparatus must proactively preempt cyber adversities through the meticulous formulation of robust cybersecurity strategies, entailing holistic defensive mechanisms, proportional counteractive measures, and a fortified juridical order requisite for stringent governance of the nation's cyber terrain.
Analysis of the Effectiveness of Data Protection and Cybersecurity Regulations in the Era of GlobalDigital Transformation
Digital transformation has increased reliance on information systems, creating new risks in cybersecurity and personal data protection. Regulations such as the European Union's General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and various other legal frameworks have emerged in response to these challenges. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of data protection and cybersecurity regulations, and analyze the urgency of these regulations in a global context. The method used is a normative approach supported by a systematic review of scientific literature from 2018–2023. The results show that regulations such as the GDPR have a significant impact on improving information security standards and organizational compliance, although challenges remain in cross jurisdictional implementation. Furthermore, the urgency of regulations is increasing with the escalation of cybercrime and the complexity of the digital ecosystem. This study concludes that harmonizing global regulations and strengthening law enforcement mechanisms are key to increasing the effectiveness of data protection and cybersecurity in the future.
Data Protection and Public Trust: An Analysis of Legal Implementation in Indonesia’s Digital HealthServices
The rapid expansion of digital technology has intensified the collection and processing of personal data in public services, including healthcare systems such as BPJS Kesehatan. This development increases efficiency but also exposes individuals to significant risks, particularly data breaches and privacy violations. This study examines the implementation of Law Number 27 of 2022 on Personal Data Protection in addressing data breach incidents and protecting users as data subjects, while also assessing the importance of evaluating regulatory implementation for consumer protection and accountability in public digital services. Using a qualitative normative legal approach, this research applies statute, case, and conceptual analyses based on secondary data, including legal documents and reports on the BPJS data breach. The findings reveal a substantial gap between normative legal provisions and practical enforcement. Although the law establishes comprehensive principles such as privacy, consent, and accountability, its implementation remains limited, particularly in ensuring data security, breach response, and access to remedies for affected users. The study further highlights that weak enforcement mechanisms and unclear accountability structures undermine consumer protection and public trust. Therefore, evaluating regulatory implementation is essential to identify compliance gaps, strengthen governance frameworks, and ensure the effective protection of personal data in digital public services.
Legal Enforceability of Smart Contracts in Indonesia: Analyzing Gaps in Electronic Transaction Law
This article examines the legal enforceability of smart contracts in Indonesia by addressing two main questions: how effective Indonesia’s electronic transaction law is in supporting smart contract enforceability, and why specific regulation is urgent for strengthening legal certainty in digital transactions. The study plays a normative role by analyzing the position of smart contracts within Indonesian contract law, the Electronic Information and Transactions Law, and Government Regulation Number 71 of 2019. The analysis shows that existing regulations provide a general legal basis for recognizing electronic contracts, electronic documents, electronic signatures, and electronic transaction systems. However, they remain insufficient in addressing the distinctive features of smart contracts, including coded terms, automatic execution, blockchain immutability, pseudonymous parties, coding errors, liability, and remedies. The article discusses these issues through statutory and conceptual analysis. It finds that Indonesia needs clearer, technology-neutral, and smart contract-responsive regulation to ensure enforceability, protect contracting parties, and support legal certainty in the digital transaction ecosystem.
Legal Gaps in Regulating Children's Exposure to Harmful Algorithmic Content on Social Media Platforms in Indonesia
This article examines legal gaps in regulating children’s exposure to harmful algorithmic content on social media platforms in Indonesia. The discussion is guided by two questions: to what extent are existing Indonesian regulations effective in addressing harmful algorithmic exposure, and why is this issue urgent for child protection and platform accountability. Using a normative legal approach, this study analyzes the Child Protection Law, the Electronic Information and Transactions Law, Government Regulation No. 71 of 2019, Minister of Communication and Informatics Regulation No. 5 of 2020, and the Personal Data Protection Law. The analysis shows that Indonesian law provides an important normative basis for protecting children from harmful online content, but its effectiveness remains fragmented because it does not specifically regulate recommender systems, behavioral profiling, algorithmic amplification, or child-specific platform duties. The article discusses this gap through statutory and conceptual analysis. It finds that Indonesia needs preventive, risk-based, and child-sensitive platform governance to strengthen legal protection in algorithmically mediated social media environments.
The Urgency of Specific Telemedicine Data Security Regulations Following Indonesia's Post-Pandemic Digital Health Surge
Indonesia’s post-pandemic digital health surge has expanded the use of telemedicine, but it has also raised urgent legal concerns regarding patient data security, privacy, and accountability. This article examines two main questions: how effective are Indonesia’s existing regulations in governing telemedicine data security, and why is a specific telemedicine data security regulation urgent in the post-pandemic digital health landscape? Using a normative legal research approach, this study analyzes Indonesian cyber law, personal data protection law, telemedicine regulation, and medical record regulation through statutory and conceptual approaches. The discussion shows that existing regulations provide an initial legal foundation through general electronic system obligations, personal data protection principles, telemedicine service rules, and electronic medical record provisions. However, these instruments remain fragmented and insufficiently specific for telemedicine’s risk profile. The article finds that Indonesia urgently needs sector-specific regulation covering platform security, digital consent, actor-based responsibility, breach notification, supervision, and sanctions to ensure legal certainty, patient protection, and accountable digital health governance.
Evaluating the Effectiveness of Personal Data Protection Regulations in Strengthening Cybersecurity Governance Frameworks
The rapid growth of digital technology has intensified concerns regarding personal data protection and cybersecurity risks across jurisdictions. This study examines the effectiveness of personal data protection regulations, particularly Indonesia’s Personal Data Protection Law and its alignment with global standards such as the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). The research also explores the urgency of strengthening regulatory frameworks in response to increasing cyber threats and data breaches. Using a normative legal research approach combined with a systematic review of recent scholarly sources, this study analyzes legal provisions, enforcement mechanisms, and institutional readiness in ensuring data security. The findings indicate that while existing regulations provide a comprehensive legal foundation, challenges remain in implementation, including limited enforcement capacity, low public awareness, and insufficient coordination among regulatory bodies. Furthermore, the study highlights the importance of robust legal frameworks to mitigate risks associated with digital transformation and cross-border data flows. Strengthening regulatory effectiveness requires improved institutional governance, clearer compliance mechanisms, and enhanced cybersecurity strategies.
The Effectiveness of Personal Data Protection Law in Addressing Data Breach Threats in Indonesia’s Digital Transformation Era
The rapid pace of digital transformation in Indonesia has given rise to various cyber threats, particularly the increasing incidence of personal data breaches. The enactment of Law Number 27 of 2022 concerning Personal Data Protection represents a significant milestone in the national cyber law framework. However, the effectiveness of its implementation continues to face multiple challenges, including limited supervisory capacity, low levels of public digital literacy, and delays in the establishment of an independent supervisory authority as mandated by the law. This study adopts a normative-sociological approach to examine two primary issues: (1) the extent to which the Personal Data Protection Law effectively safeguards against personal data breaches; and (2) the urgency of evaluating this regulation amid the rising number of cyber incidents. The findings indicate that the law still contains several legal gaps that require immediate attention, particularly in terms of sanction enforcement mechanisms, inter-agency coordination, and harmonization with existing sectoral regulations. Strengthening institutional frameworks and enhancing the capacity of cyber law enforcement authorities are identified as key recommendations of this study.
Cybersecurity Regulation Against Ransomware Attacks on National Critical Infrastructure: A Legal Analysis of Indonesia’s Regulatory Preparedness
Ransomware attacks on national critical infrastructure have emerged as one of the most destructive cyber threats in the digital era, endangering the continuity of essential public services, including energy, healthcare, finance, and government systems. Indonesia has experienced a significant increase in ransomware incidents in recent years, culminating in a major attack on the Pusat Data Nasional Sementara (PDNS) that disrupted hundreds of government services. This study employs a normative-comparative approach to examine two fundamental issues: (1) the extent to which Indonesia’s existing cybersecurity regulatory framework, particularly Presidential Regulation No. 82 of 2022 concerning the Protection of Vital Information Infrastructure, is effective in addressing ransomware threats; and (2) why strengthening the regulatory framework for national critical infrastructure security has become an urgent priority requiring comprehensive assessment. The findings reveal that the current regulatory framework still contains several critical weaknesses, including fragmented institutional authority, the absence of binding technical cybersecurity standards, and limited coordination in incident response mechanisms. This study recommends the development of a comprehensive sector-specific cybersecurity regulatory framework and the establishment of a national Computer Emergency Response Team (CERT) with clearly defined legal authority.
An Analysis of the Effectiveness of Electronic System Administration Regulations in Establishing PT Tokopedia’s Liability in Cases of User Personal Data Breaches
Indonesia’s digital economic transformation has accelerated the collection of personal data by e-commerce platforms, yet it has also been accompanied by significant information security risks. This study examines the legal liability of Private-Sector Electronic System Operators (Penyelenggara Sistem Elektronik or PSE) through a case study of the 2020 data breach involving 91 million Tokopedia users. Employing a normative legal research method with statutory and case-based approaches, this article evaluates the effectiveness of Indonesia’s positive legal instruments, including the UU ITE, PP PSTE, and PP PMSE. The findings reveal that Article 15 of the UU ITE, which adopts the principle of presumption of liability, has not been effectively implemented due to ambiguous security standards and weak administrative sanctions under the PP PSTE. A deeper analysis further identifies a legal loophole in exoneration clauses contained in platform privacy policies, which unilaterally shift risk to consumers. A comprehensive review of sectoral regulations is therefore urgently needed to ensure legal certainty and to safeguard the constitutional right to personal protection as guaranteed under Article 28G of the 1945 Constitution (UUD 1945). This study recommends strengthening technical oversight by regulatory authorities and standardizing security system audits for all PSE operating in Indonesia.
A Comparative Analysis of Digital Banking Cybersecurity Regulations in Indonesia and Selected ASEAN Countries
Digital banking growth has increased the importance of cybersecurity regulation as banks become more dependent on electronic systems, data processing, cloud infrastructure, and third-party technology providers. This article examines how effective Indonesia’s current legal framework on digital banking cybersecurity is compared with selected ASEAN countries in ensuring cyber resilience, data protection, and institutional accountability, and why comparative analysis is necessary for improving Indonesia’s cybersecurity governance. Using comparative normative legal research, this study analyzes Indonesian regulations, including OJK regulations, Government Regulation No. 71 of 2019, and Law No. 27 of 2022, alongside regulatory approaches in Singapore, Malaysia, and the Philippines. The discussion shows that Indonesia has established an important legal foundation, but its framework remains fragmented and less operationally specific than selected ASEAN comparators. The article argues that Indonesia needs clearer cyber resilience standards, stronger integration between data protection and banking cybersecurity rules, better third-party risk governance, and more explicit board-level accountability to strengthen trust, legal certainty, and digital banking resilience.
Understanding Data Controller Responsibilities under Indonesia’s PDP Law: Legal Challenges in Ensuring Compliance
This article examines data controller responsibilities under Indonesia’s Law Number 27 of 2022 concerning Personal Data Protection within the broader context of cyber law and information security governance. The discussion is guided by two questions: how effective is the PDP Law in regulating data controller responsibilities in Indonesia, and why is controller compliance urgent for Indonesia’s digital legal framework? This study plays a role in clarifying the legal position of data controllers as the main actors responsible for determining the purposes and control of personal data processing. Using a normative legal approach, the article analyzes statutory provisions, legal principles, scholarly literature, and selected data breach cases as contextual support. The results show that the PDP Law has strengthened Indonesia’s personal data protection framework by establishing clearer controller obligations, including lawful processing, transparency, security, breach notification, and respect for data subject rights. However, its effectiveness remains limited by challenges in technical implementation, institutional supervision, enforcement consistency, and organizational compliance readiness. The article finds that controller accountability must be transformed from statutory duty into measurable compliance practice.
A Normative Analysis of the Effectiveness of Sanctions under Law No. 27 of 2022 in Cases of Personal Data Misuse
This article examines the effectiveness of sanctions under Law No. 27 of 2022 concerning Personal Data Protection in responding to personal data misuse in Indonesia. The discussion is situated within the growing urgency of cyber law and information security, particularly as digital platforms, public services, financial technology, and electronic transactions increasingly rely on large-scale personal data processing. Using a normative legal approach, this study analyzes statutory provisions, legal principles, scholarly literature, and selected reputable news reports as factual illustrations of personal data misuse. The findings show that Law No. 27 of 2022 provides a stronger legal foundation than the previous fragmented framework by regulating data subject rights, controller and processor obligations, and administrative and criminal sanctions. However, the effectiveness of these sanctions remains dependent on implementing regulations, institutional supervision, enforcement coordination, evidentiary capacity, corporate compliance, and accessible remedies for victims. The article concludes that the sanction framework is normatively important but requires further regulatory and institutional strengthening to ensure effective personal data protection.